be more attractive: How to Calculate the Dividend Payout Ratio

In finance, the dividend payout ratio is a way of measuring the fraction of a company's earnings that are paid to investors in the form of dividends rather than being re-invested in the company in a given time period (usually one year). In general, companies with higher dividend ratios tend to be older, more established companies that have already grown significantly, while companies with low pay out ratios tend to be younger companies with high growth potential. To find a business's dividend payout ratio for a given time period, use either the formula Dividends paid/Net income or Yearly dividends per share/Earnings per share — both are equivalent.

Steps

Using Net Income and Dividends

Determine the net income of the company. To find a company's dividend payout ratio, first, find its net income for the time period you're analyzing (note that one year is the typical period for dividend payout ratio calculation). This information can be found on a company's income statement.^[1] To be clear, you’re looking for the company’s income after all expenses, including taxes, costs of doing business, depreciation, amortization, and interest.
- For example, let's say that Jim's Light Bulbs, a new company, earned $200,000 in its first year of business, but it had to spend $50,000 on the expenses listed above. In this case, the net income for Jim's Light Bulbs would be 200,000 - 50,000 = $150,000.

Determine the amount of dividends paid out. Next, find the amount of money that the company paid out during the time period you're analyzing in the form of dividends. Dividends are payments that are given to the company's investors, rather than saved or re-invested in the company itself. Dividends aren't usually listed on the income statement but are included on the balance sheet and statement of cash flows.^[2]
- Let's say that Jim's Light Bulbs, being a relatively young company, decided to re-invest most of its net income by expanding its production capacity and only paid out $3,750 per quarter in dividends. In this case, we'll use 4 × 3,750 = $15,000 as our amount of dividends paid in the first year of business.

Divide the dividends by the net Income. Once you know how much a company has made in net income and paid out in dividends in a given time period, finding its dividend payout ratio is relatively simple. All you need to do is divide its dividend payments over its net income — the value you get is its dividend payout ratio.
- For Jim's Light Bulbs, we can find the dividend payout ratio by dividing 15,000/150,000 = 0.10 (or 10%). This means that Jim's Light Bulbs paid out 10% of its earnings to its investors and invested the rest (90%) back into the company.

Using Yearly Dividend and Earnings Per Share

Determine the dividends per share. The method above isn't the only way to find a company's dividend payout ratio — it's also possible to find it with two other pieces of financial information. For this alternate method, start by finding a company's dividends per share (or DPS). This represents the amount of money that each investor received per share of stock owned. This information is usually included on quarterly quote pages, so you may need to add up multiple values if you're looking to analyze an entire year.^[3]
- Let's look at another example. Rita's Rugs, an old, established company, doesn't have much room to grow in the current market, so rather than use its earnings to expand, it pays its investors well. Let's say that in Q1, Rita's Rugs paid $1/share in dividends, in Q2, it paid $0.75, in Q3, it paid $1.50, and in Q4, it paid $1.75. If we want to find the dividend payout ratio for the whole year, we'd use 1 + 0.75 + 1.50 + 1.75 = $4.00 per share as our DPS value.

Determine the earnings per share. Next, find the company's earnings per share (EPS) for your time period. The EPS represents the amount of net earnings divided by the number of shares held by investors, or, in other words, the amount of money each investor would receive if the company hypothetically paid out 100% of its earnings in dividends. This information is usually included on a company's income statement.^[4]
- Let's say that Rita's Rugs has 100,000 shares of stock owned by investors and that it earned $800,000 in the last year of business. In this case, its EPS would be 800,000/100,000 = $8 per share.

Divide the yearly dividend per share by the earnings per share. As with the method above, all that's left to do is divide your two values. Find your company's dividend payout ratio by dividing the dividends per share by the earnings per share.
- For Rita's Rugs, the dividend payout ratio can be found by dividing 4/8 = 0.50 (or 50%). In other words, the company paid out half of its earnings in the form of dividends to its investors in the past year.

Using Dividend Payout Ratios

Account for special, one-time dividends. Strictly speaking, dividend payout ratio accounts only for regular dividends paid to investors. However, sometimes, companies offer one-time dividend payments to all (or only some) of their investors. For the most accurate payout ratio values, these "special" dividends shouldn't be included in dividend payout ratio calculations. Thus, the modified formula for calculating dividend payout ratios during periods that include special dividends is (Total dividends - Special dividends)/Net income.
- For example, if a company pays regular quarterly dividends totaling $1,000,000 over a year, but also paid out one special $400,000 dividend to its investors after a financial windfall, we would ignore this special dividend in our payout ratio calculation. Assuming a net income of $3,000,000, the dividend payout ratio for this company is (1,400,000 - 400,000)/3,000,000 = 0.334 (or 33.4%).

Use dividend payout ratios to compare investments. One way that people with money that they want to invest compare different investment opportunities is by looking at the history of dividend payout ratios that each opportunity has had. Investors generally consider the size of the ratio (in other words, whether the company pays a lot or a little of its earnings back to investors) as well as its stability (in other words, how widely the ratio varies from one year to the next). Different dividend payout ratios appeal to investors with different objectives, but, in general, both very low and very high payout ratios (as well as those that vary greatly or decrease over time) signal risky investments.

Pick high ratios for steady income and low ones for growth potential. As hinted at above, there are reasons why both high and low payout ratios might be appealing to an investor. For someone who's looking for a secure investment that's likely to provide a steady income, high payout ratios can signal that a company has grown to the point that it doesn't need to invest heavily in itself, making for a safe investment. On the other hand, for someone who's looking to jump on to a lucrative opportunity in the hopes of making big earnings in the long run, low payout ratios can signal that a company is investing heavily in its future. If the company ends up becoming successful, this sort of investment will prove to be very lucrative, but this can be risky, as the company's long-term potential is still unknown.

Beware very high dividend payout ratios. A company that pays out 100% or more of its earnings as dividends might seem like a good investment, but , in fact, this is often seen as a sign that a company's financial health is unstable. A payout ratio of 100% or greater means that a company is paying out more money to its investors than it is earning — in other words, it's losing money by paying its investors. Because this practice is often unsustainable, this can be a sign that a significant reduction in the payout ratio can be in store in the future.
- There are, however, exceptions to this trend. Established companies with high potential for future growth can sometimes get away with offering payout ratios over 100%. For instance, in 2011, AT&T paid about $1.75 in dividends per share and only earned about $0.77 per share — a payout ratio of over 200%. However, because the company's estimated earnings per share in 2012 and 2013 were both well over $2 per share, the short-term inability to sustain its dividend payouts will not undermine the company's long-term financial outlook.