How to Tell Ivory from Bone

Ivory is made from the tusks and teeth of elephants, whales and other animals. It is highly valuable, in part because it is now illegal to procure ivory from some sources, such as elephants. Artists and manufacturers have used faux ivory to create carvings and other products with a look and feel quite similar to ivory, but there are ways to identify true ivory if you know what to look for. This article discusses how to distinguish ivory from bone.

Steps

Looking for Ivory's Signature Texture and Color

1. 
   Hold the piece in your hand and feel its weight. Ivory feels heavy and dense when you hold it in your hand. Think of the weight of a billiard ball, which ivory has been used to make in the past; when you hold one in your hand, it feels sturdy and solid. If the item in question feels strangely lightweight, you can eliminate the possibility that it's ivory.
   • Bone can have the exact same weight as ivory, so just because the piece feels solid and heavy doesn't mean it is indeed ivory.
   • If you're unsure whether the item feels appropriately solid, weigh it, then compare its weight to similar items that you know to be ivory. The internet is a great resource for finding the dimensions and weight of ivory items.
2. 
   Run your fingers over the item to feel its texture. Ivory is said to be as smooth as butter. It's not as soft, but in the right hands it's almost as easy to carve. If the surface of the piece feels rutted and pockmarked, it might not be ivory. If it feels unbelievably smooth, you may have ivory on your hands.
3. 
   Examine the item's patina and surface through a magnifying glass. It's not always possible to tell for sure whether an item is ivory by looking under a magnifying glass, but doing so should provide good clues. Real ivory is lustrous and beautiful, often with a slightly yellowish hue. It can also take on a brownish patina caused by the oils of those who have handled it over the years. If you see spots or other odd markings, though, it probably isn't ivory. Look for the following identifiers:
   
   
   • Cross-hatched lines. There should be parallel lines (with slight irregularities) running along the length of the item. Perpendicular to these should be circular or V-shaped lines known as Schreger lines. These are found in all elephant and mammoth ivory.^[1]
   • Does the surface have multiple darkened dots or pits? If so, this is a very good indicator of its being bone. In some cases the bone has been bleached, though, so keep performing other tests to be sure.
   • All bone has the telltale flecks of marrow, or tiny notches, in the surface. These may not be visible to the naked eye, but you should be able to see them through a magnifying glass. Ivory tends to be smoother, harder, and not pitted.^[2]

Doing the Hot Pin Test

1. 
   Heat a straight pin. Hold it over a candle flame or a lighter flame for a few seconds until it gets quite hot. You can use any piece of metal, but a pin is a good choice since you don't want to create a mark on the item you're testing.
2. 
   Hold the pin to the surface of the item. Choose a discreet spot so you don't end up leaving a mark or a dent (although if the item is ivory, this won't happen).
3. 
   Smell the place where you touched the item with the hot pin. If the item is ivory, it should have no scent that wasn't there before. If it's bone, it will smell faintly of burning hair.
   • True ivory will not get damaged by this experiment, since it is hard and strong enough to resist the heat. However, if the object you're testing happens to be made of plastic, the hot needle will make a slight dent. Since some plastics (such as Bakelite) have as much or more value than ivory, you may not want to try the hot needle test until you know for sure that what you have is not plastic.

Getting the Item Tested by a Professional

1. 
   Have the item appraised by an antiques dealer. Antiques dealers have handled hundreds or thousands of ivory, bone, and plastic pieces, and they're usually quite adept at figuring out which is which using the methods outlined above as well as their own knowledge about the ivory trade.
   • Be sure to find a reputable dealer to appraise the item. Don't go into just any antique store; find a place the specializes in ivory so you can be sure the information you get is correct.
   • Antiques shows are a good place to get items appraised. Check online to find out whether a show will be coming to your area.
2. 
   Have the item chemically tested. To leave absolutely no question about the composition of your ivory or bone item, take it to a forensics lab and have it chemically tested by a scientist. The cellular structure of ivory is different from that of bone, but lab equipment is required to determine which is which with finality.

Tips

• Remember that many types of bone have value all their own.

Warnings

• Always get a second opinion before you purchase an "antique" item. Better to pay an independent appraiser than to shell out high dollar amounts for a fake.

Related wikiHows

• How to Hire a Gemologist/Jewelry Appraiser
• How to Tell if a Diamond is Real
• How to Carve Wooden Guns

Sources and Citations

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