How to Give a "Fade" Haircut to Males

A "Fade", "Faded", or "Flat Top" haircut is one that is very short on the bottom and progressively gets longer towards the top of the head. Whether you want to save some money on haircuts, or are interested in cutting hair, you can learn to do a fade cut easily with the right tools and a bit of practice.

EditSteps

EditCutting the Hair

1. Get the hair damp. Before you start cutting hair, spray it down so that you can easily mold and cut the hair. Then grab a comb and part the hair.
   
   • the part in your hair. While the hair is moist, find the part and comb the hair, styling it into the general shape that you want to end up with.
   • Take a towel and pat down the hair again to dry it slightly. Then comb again, remaking the part.
   • Knowing where the hair will be parted is important because you may have to blend the shorter side a little more than the longer side depending on the style.
2. Choose the right guard size for the fade line.^[1] A lower guard size means a shorter cut. Pick a higher guard number to start with like a #3.
   
   • You can use a higher number to get an even shave around the sides and back of the head as a baseline.
   • To get the fade look you will switch to shorter guards as you move down. But by starting with the larger guard size you can easily get an even fade.
   • You will shave the entire sides and back of the hair with your first guard, and then repeat with a lower guard, moving part way down the head, leaving the top the length you just cut.
3. Decide where you want the fade line(s). The fade line will determine where the hair transitions from one length to another. It will wrap all the way around the back of the head, essentially going from ear to ear.
   
   • Fade lines don't have to go straight across in the back. In fact, some fade lines dip slightly around the back of the head, then return to the original line before reaching the other ear.
   • You can have more than one fade line. Start with one on your first cut; as you get more confident, dry doing two.
   • Where you position the fade line is a matter of personal taste. You can put it anywhere from slightly above the top of the ear to above that.
4. Move the clippers vertically as you begin to shave the hair. Just like shaving your face, the general rule of thumb is to shave in the opposite direction that the hair grows.^[2] Start at the sideburns and move towards the back of the head.
   
   
   • If you are cutting a fade, but leaving the hair long on the top, you may have to pin the hair up so that it stays out of the way and you don’t accidentally cut it.
   • Move your clippers in an up and down motion and don’t be afraid to apply a bit of pressure to ensure that your clippers are getting all the hair.
5. Move the clippers sideways across the fade line. This doesn’t mean turning the clippers horizontally though, keep them vertical. Remember that the fade line is where the hair transitions from one length to the next.
   
   
   • Hold the clippers in your hand so that your thumb is over the top, with your other fingers beneath. Move your wrist in a "flicking" motion upward.
   • To make the fade lines disappear and give the hair a consistent transition, you want to angle the clippers so that only the bottom third or quarter of the blade is actually touching the head at the fade line.
   • The portion of the blade, the teeth, that isn't touching the head will still cut the hair, but at a "natural" fade angle.
6. Keep a steady hand, and move in small sections. The slower you go and the more precise you are, the better the cut will look, and you won’t spend a lot of time at the end cleaning up uneven spots.
   
   
   • Push the clippers forward a bit on uneven spots to make sure the blades are catching the hair.
   • To cut behind the ears, pull the top of the ear down and cut straight up starting at the spot where the ear connects to the head. You may have to cut at an angle to get the hair behind the ear.
7. Switch guards to continue fading the hair. Once you’ve got the base cut around the sides and back of the head, it’s time to switch to your next guard. If you Started with a #3, switch to a #2.
   
   
   • Repeat the same shaving technique as before, starting at the bottom and moving up.
   • Don’t go all the way to the top. To get an even fade you’ll want to pick a spot where your next fade line will be. This will vary from person to person, but your second fade line should be above the ear.
   • Depending on how much of a fade you want, you may have to switch guards again and repeat the process, shaving the lower portion of the head with a #1.
8. Clean up the fade line with the clippers-over-comb method. Start to clean up the fade by grabbing a regular comb. (Use a white comb for dark hair, and a dark comb for light hair.) Angle the comb so that it's at a 45-degree angle to the fade line and comb upward toward the top of the head, only moving the comb an inch or two into the hair. Run the clippers upward over the comb, from the fade line, so that they cut the hair that's above the teeth.
   
   • Repeat this process around the fade line(s), taking care to keep your combing distance the same all the way around.
   • If done correctly, you should have a nice even fade with no visible fade lines. The hair should gradually get shorter as it gets closer to the base of the skull.
9. Cut the top of the hair. Either use scissors if you want to keep the hair long, or a higher guard if you want a buzzed look. For something like a quiff, pompadour, or messy top, you’ll use scissors; while a caesar, or crew might need clippers.^[3]
   
   • [cut with scissors], use a comb or your fingers and pull the hair up, cutting above the fingers or comb a little at a time.
   • Take into account the angle at which you are cutting. For a fade look with longer hair on top you will want to cut the hair at an angle as you move towards the back of the head to blend it, avoiding the bowl cut look.

EditMaking the Final Touches

1. Shave the bottom of the hair with a beard trimmer or unguarded clippers. Now you want to make sure that fade has a distinct ending point at the base of the head and bottoms of the sideburns. Take your trimmer or clippers and shave any remaining hair away.
   
   • You may not need do this to the sideburns if the person whose hair you are cutting has facial hair connecting to the sideburns.
   • Shave down the base of the neck and up a little ways on the lowest fade to make sure that the hair is evened out.
2. Blur out any remnants of the visible line using your clippers. Look for any patches where the hair is uneven now and make sure to go over them again to clean them up.
   
   • You may have to position your clippers at a bit of an angle to get any stragglers and even out the fade.
3. Clean up the base of the neck. Now that your bottom fade line is established, cut the hair beneath it. Make sure you get the sections at the bottom of the neck that have thinner longer hairs.
   
   • Clean up the edges using a straight razor or the trimmer to make sure the edges of the cut are clean, as well as removing any neck hair.
   • If you are using a straight razor, apply shaving cream to the area you are about to cut, then pad with a warm damp towel.
   • Brush off any loose hairs and style the top with a pomade or gel for a finished look.

EditGetting the Right Equipment and Prepping

1. Get a set of professional-grade clippers. Clippers can get expensive, but in order to ensure that you get a consistent fade you’ll need clippers that are powerful and reliable. A great pair of clippers will make all the difference.^[4]
   
   • Some popular and highly rated clippers are:
     • Oster Classic 76 Clipper w/ 2 Blades.
     • Wahl Senior clippers.
     • Andis Master clippers.
   • Make sure the clippers come with at least 5 different guard sizes.
   • It's also a good idea to purchase a professional trimmer, which is used to line sideburns and clean up the areas around the ears, neck and forehead. Ask your barber where he purchases his, or look around online.
2. Clean your clipper blades. Even if you have new clippers, you should make sure that they are clean before oiling them. Your clipper set should come with a cleaning solution, but if you don’t have a cleaning solution you can use distilled white vinegar.
   
   • Make sure your clippers are unplugged and remove the blades.
   • If you have a solution, spray the solution over your blades and let it sit before wiping off.
   • If you are using distilled white vinegar, put the blades to soak for a few minutes in a solution of vinegar.
   • Avoid washing your clippers with soap and water as this can cause your blades to rust.
3. Oil the blades before use. Read the instructions that come with your clippers to see if you need to remove the blades for oiling, or if you can simply point them toward the bottom of a sink and drop oil onto them. After you've applied oil to the blades, wipe off any excess with a soft, dry cloth.
   
   • When oiling your clippers, you should make sure that you’ve brushed off any excess hair that might be in the blades.
   • Turn your clippers on and drip the oil onto the blades, allowing the moving blades to become saturated.
   • Run the blades for about 20 seconds.
   • Thoroughly wipe the blades down, making sure that the tops of your blades are dry so hair doesn’t stick.

EditVideo

EditTips

• Do not worry if your first fade cut doesn't look perfect. It's a technique that requires experience and practice.
• You can do an easy fade by using three different guards. The first guard would be the longest (higher the number, more of the hair left), cut the whole head with this guard. The second guard would be the shortest, choose the fade line, but still go slightly beneath that. The third guard will be the medium size, this will help it blend, start a little lower than your fade line and go slightly above it. No more straight hard lines!
• If you’ve never done this cut before, ask your barber to explain to you what he is doing when he cuts your hair the next time and ask for tips. It’s ok to be upfront and tell him that your friends ask you to cut their hair, or that you may want to keep your fade intact in between trips to him.
• If you create a line or a "mushroom" cut - with extremely visible fade lines - visit a barber to fix it.

EditRelated wikiHows

• Do Your Hair in Less Than 10 Minutes
• Get the Perfect Gangster Hair
• Live With a New Hair Style
• Style Poofy Hair

EditSources and Citations

• Videos provided by chris bossio

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How to Recognize the Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a general term used to identify chronic inflammation of all or part of the digestive tract.^[1] Inflammatory Bowel Disease primarily refers to Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis. The condition is characterized by symptoms including severe abdominal pain. Inflammatory Bowel Disease is debilitating for many people and can also be life-threatening if not properly treated.^[2] Because IBD is so serious, it’s important to recognize the symptoms of the disease and see your doctor to confirm a diagnosis. She can then develop a treatment plan to help you manage the disease.

EditSteps

EditIdentifying the Symptoms of IBD

1. Be aware of your risk for IBD. The exact cause of IBD isn’t known, but doctors know that certain factors may aggravate but not cause the disease. Being aware of your risk for this disease can help you recognize it and get a diagnosis and treatment in a timely manner.^[3]
   
   • Most people are diagnosed with IBD before the age of 30, but others may not develop the disease until they are in their 50s or 60s.^[4]
   • Caucasians, especially Ashkenazi Jews, are at the highest risk of IBD, but it can occur in any race.^[5]
   • If a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, has IBD you are at higher risk for developing the disease.^[6]
   • Cigarette smoking significantly increases your risk of developing Crohn’s Disease.^[7]
   • Using certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS), such as ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, and diclofenac sodium, can increase your risk of developing IBD or worsen the disease if you already have it.^[8]
   • Environmental factors, such as living in an urban area or northern climates and eating a diet high in fat and refined foods, may increase your risk of developing IBD.^[9]
2. Recognize symptoms of Crohn’s Disease. Although Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis may have similar symptoms, they still differ slightly. Recognizing the symptoms of Crohn’s Disease can help you get a diagnosis from your doctor and take steps to manage the disease in your everyday life. Not all patients have severe symptoms, so it is important to be aware of the various ways that Crohn's disease can present.
   
   • You may experience persistent diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, fever, and occasional blood in your stool.^[10]
   • Loss of appetite and weight loss may also occur with Crohn’s Disease. It can also affect your joints, eyes, skin, and liver.^[11]
   • The most common complication of Crohn’s Disease is intestinal blockage as a result of swelling and scar tissue. Symptoms of blockage, such as cramping pain, vomiting, and bloating, may be present. You may also develop fistulas as a result of sores or ulcers in the intestinal tract.^[12]
   • People with Crohn’s Disease are at a higher risk of colon cancer and need to be screened more often than the general population.^[13]
3. Recognize symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Although ulcerative colitis may have similar symptoms to Crohn’s Disease, it is nevertheless slightly different. Recognizing the symptoms of ulcerative colitis can help you get a diagnosis from your doctor and take steps to manage the disease in your everyday life.
   
   • Typical symptoms of ulcerative colitis are frequent bloody stools, cramping abdominal pain, and severe urgency to have a bowel movement or diarrhea.^[14]
   • Loss of appetite and weight loss are common symptoms of ulcerative colitis. You may also experience fatigue and abdominal bloating.^[15]
   • Most people with ulcerative colitis will have mild symptoms, though others can have severe cramping, fever, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting.^[16]
   • Severe bleeding can lead to anemia in ulcerative colitis patients. They may also have skin lesions, join pain, liver disorders, and eye inflammation.^[17]
   • People with ulcerative colitis are at a higher risk of colon cancer and, like people with Crohn's disease, need to be screened regularly.^[18]
4. Observe your bodily functions closely. It’s important to pay attention to your body and bodily functions for any symptoms of IBD. These signs, such as diarrhea or fever, can indicate the disease, especially if they don’t go away.
   
   • Watch your bowel movements for frequent diarrhea or the need to quickly evacuate your bowels.^[19]
   • Check the toilet tissue or toilet bowl for signs of blood before you flush.
   • Watch your underwear or towels for signs of rectal bleeding or bowel leakage.
   • Many people with IBD have a persistent low-grade fever and may also experience night sweats.^[20]
   • Some women may experience a loss of their normal menstrual cycle.^[21]
5. Evaluate your appetite and weight. Consider if you have experienced a recent, prolonged loss of appetite or unintended weight loss, especially in conjunction with other symptoms of IBD. These may be clear signs that you’re suffering from IBD and should see a doctor.^[22]
   
   • The loss of appetite may be a result of abdominal pain and cramping and inflammation. This can lead to unintended weight loss.^[23]
6. Pay attention to aches and pains. Inflammatory Bowel Disease can present itself with severe or chronic pain in the abdomen and may even cause joint pain. If you have prolonged stomachaches or pain in the joints that is not related to other conditions or physical activity, you may have this symptom as a result of IBD.
   
   • You may have general abdominal pain or cramping with IBD.^[24]
   • There may also be abdominal bloating accompanied by pain or cramping.^[25]
   • Aches and pains from IBD may present themselves in other parts of your body as well. Watch for pain in your joints or eye inflammation.^[26]
7. Examine your skin. Examine your skin to notice changes in your overall complexion or skin texture, such as red bumps, ulcers, or rashes. These could indicate IBD, especially if experienced in conjunction with other symptoms.
   
   • Some skin lesions can turn into fistulas, which are infected tunnels that develop in the skin.^[27]

EditGetting Medical Diagnosis and Treatment

1. See your doctor. If you discover any of the signs or symptoms of IBD and/or are at risk for the disease, see your doctor as soon as possible. Early diagnosis is important to help treat and manage the disease.
   
   • Your doctor may diagnose IBD only after she rules out other possible causes for your symptoms.^[28]
   • Your doctor may use a variety of tests to help diagnose IBD.^[29]
2. Get tests and a diagnosis. If your doctor suspects that you have IBD, she may order tests after conducting your physical exam and ruling out other causes. These tests are the only way to confirm a diagnosis of IBD.
   
   • Your doctor may order a blood test to check for anemia, which is a common side effect of IBD. The blood tests may also determine if you have any signs of infection, bacteria, or viruses in your system.^[30]
   • Your doctor may order a stool sample called a fecal occult blood test that checks for hidden blood in your stool.^[31]
   • Your doctor may order an endoscopic procedure, such as a colonoscopy or upper endoscopy, to examine your intestines. In these procedures, a small camera is inserted into some portion of your gastrointestinal tract. If the doctor sees areas that are inflamed or abnormal, she will take biopsies. These are especially important in making the diagnosis.^[32]
   • Your doctor may also order an imaging procedure, such as an X-ray, CT scan, or and MRI. These will help your doctor examine the tissues of your gastrointestinal tract and see if there are any complications of IBD, such as a perforated colon.^[33]
3. Get treatment for IBD. If your doctor confirms a diagnosis of IBD with tests, she will prescribe a course of treatment based the severity of the disease. There are many different treatment and management options for IBD.
   
   • Treatment for IBD revolves around reducing the inflammation that triggers the symptoms of the disease. There is no cure for IBD.^[34]
   • Treatment for IBD generally involves drug therapy or surgery; most people with Crohn’s Disease will have to have some surgery during their lifetime.^[35]
   • Your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates or corticosteroids, to help relieve IBD short term. These drugs can cause side effects such as night sweats, insomnia, hyperactivity, and development of excessive facial hair.^[36]
   • Some doctors may prescribe immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine, infliximab, or methotrexate.^[37]
   • Your doctor may also prescribe an antibiotic such as ciprofloxacin to help control or prevent infection.^[38]
4. Get surgery for IBD. In cases where medication and lifestyle changes don’t help IBD, your doctor may elect to do surgery to help manage the disease. Surgery is a last resort treatment and can have some unpleasant side effects that are not particularly long lasting.^[39]
   
   • Surgery for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease involves removing parts of the gastrointestinal tract.^[40]
   • You may have to wear a colostomy bag to collect bowel movements following surgery. It may be a difficult adjustment to living with a colostomy bag, but you can still lead a full and active life.^[41]
   • Almost one half of people suffering from Crohn’s will require surgery, but it will not cure the disease.^[42]A total colostomy can cure the GI aspects of ulcerative colitis, though it will not cure the systemic symptoms of the disease (uveitis, arthritis, etc.)

EditTrying Natural Treatments

1. Change your eating and nutritional habits. There is some evidence that changing your diet and taking nutritional supplements can help manage the symptoms of IBD. Your doctor may suggest changing your eating and nutritional habits along with other medical therapies.^[43]
   
   • Your doctor may suggest a feeding tube or nutrient injections to help your bowel rest and reduce inflammation.^[44]
   • Your doctor may also suggest a low-residue diet of foods that will not cause a blockage in your bowel.^[45] Low-residue foods, which are low in fiber include yogurt, creamy soups, refined white breads and pastas, and crackers. You’ll want to avoid raw fruits and vegetables, nuts, and whole grain products.^[46]
   • Your doctor may also suggest taking iron, calcium, Vitamin D, and Vitamin B-12 supplements to help replace nutrients lost as a result of the symptoms of IBD.^[47]
   • Eating small meals that are low in fat and not high in fiber may help with the symptoms of IBD.^[48]
   • Drinking plenty of liquids can help alleviate the symptoms of IBD. Water is the most optimal choice to help keep you hydrated.^[49]
2. Consider trying alternative therapies. While most haven't shown much benefit, they have had positive results for some. Talk with a doctor before trying any herbal or alternative therapies.
   
   • Recent studies have shown that alternative therapies such as consuming more soluble fiber or probiotics, drinking peppermint oil teas, or trying hypnotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are effective at helping some patients minimize the symptoms of IBD.^[50]
3. Alter your lifestyle habits. Making changes to your lifestyle habits can help manage your IBD. From quitting smoking to avoiding stress, these changes may help alleviate your symptoms.^[51]
   
   • Smoking may make Crohn’s Disease worse, and those who smoke are more likely to have relapses and need repeat surgeries.^[52]
   • Reducing stress may also help alleviate the symptoms of IBD. You can reduce stress through regular relaxation and breathing exercises or meditation.^[53]
   • Regular and even gentle exercise will not only help reduce stress, but may also help normalize bowel function. Speak to your doctor about the best type of exercise to manage your IBD.^[54]

EditUnderstanding IBD

1. Learn about IBD. Since IBD is an umbrella term for Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis, it’s important to know the difference between these similar diseases. This may help you more effectively recognize any symptoms of the disease and get timely treatment.^[55]
   
   • Crohn’s Disease is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast to ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s Disease mostly affects the end of the small bowel, or ileum, and the beginning of the colon, though it may appear anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus.^[56]
   • Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's are both abnormal immune responses, but each of them affects a different site. Ulcerative colitis causes chronic inflammation in the colon and the development of open sores or ulcers in the colon.^[57] While Crohn’s Disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative colitis only affects the colon.^[58]
2. Join a support group or see a therapist. IBD can be an extremely devastating disease for you and your loved ones. Joining a support group of IBD patients or speaking to other doctors or a therapist can help you understand and manage the disease.^[59]
   
   • The Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America offers many tools on its website, including stories of others afflicted with IBD. You can also find a support group using their site at http://www.ccfa.org.

EditTips

• Your prognosis may vary depending on which type of Inflammatory Bowel Disease you have, just as symptoms may vary from person to person. Despite the frustration and pain that comes with these conditions, many people with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases lead healthy, active lives with professional management of their condition and its related symptoms.

EditWarnings

• Do not attempt to treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease without the help of a health specialist. It is important to follow the guidance of a health professional familiar with gastrointestinal ailments and the related treatments for your condition or symptoms.

EditSources and Citations

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source How to of the Day http://ift.tt/2aE9kYY

How to Use Stokes' Theorem

How to Work With Enamel Paint

Enamel paint is a general term applied to paints that dry to a hard, durable finish. They are an excellent choice for painting pieces that will be used outdoors or in places that are likely to be subjected to lots of wear, such as patio furniture, house trim and stairs. Working with enamel paint is a matter of knowing when it is best suited for your project, and learning where and how to apply it.

EditSteps

EditSelecting the Right Materials for the Job

1. Decide if an enamel paint is right for your project. Enamel paints are best suited for use in places outdoors that are exposed to severe weather and fluctuations in temperature. They are also useful inside the home in areas that receive heavy general wear. Due to their dense, high-gloss finish, surfaces painted with enamel paints are easily cleaned and resistant to staining and damage.
   
   • If the project you’re working on requires a piece to be able to withstand lots of abuse, enamel paints are probably right for you.^[1]
   • Enamel paints are also a good pick for any material that needs a slick, protective finish. Bathroom fixtures and metal appliances are often finished with enamel paints.
2. Choose the right type of paint. Traditionally, enamel paints are oil-based. The oil content allows the paint to mix and go on smoother, as well as adhere to surfaces longer. With recent increased demand for non-toxic paint alternatives, water-based enamel paints have become more common. Water-based enamel paints can be simpler to work with, as they dry faster and are easier to clean, while oil-based enamel paints last longer and provide a smoother, more durable finish.^[2]
   
   • The choice to use an oil-based vs. a water-based paint is largely preference. Water-based paints will do nicely for basic projects, while heavy duty oil-based paints will hold up to constant wear and harsh outdoor conditions.
   • There exists a wide variety of enamel paints. Before buying paint, take a look at many different kinds to find the one that best suits your project.
3. Use high quality brushes. Not just any type of brush should be used when working with enamel paints. For best results, select a brush that features the right filament type and stiffness for the paint you’re using. A Chinese or ox-hair brush, for instance, is a softer-bristled brush that helps spread thick oil-based paints effortlessly. When working with water-based enamel paints, brushes made from synthetic fibers are preferable, as the filaments won’t soak up the water contained in the paint and become soggy.^[3]
   
   • Some brushes are designed with angled bristle edges that aid in painting smoother lines. This type of brush would be ideal for working with enamel paint, which demands an even finish.
   • Stick to one type of brush for one type of paint. For instance, while it’s okay to use a synthetic filament brush with an oil-based enamel paint, it’s better to choose a new brush if you’ve already used the synthetic brush with a water-based paint.

EditApplying Enamel Paint

1. Start with a primer. Primers are special paint products that act to prepare surfaces to be painted with a topcoat. A preliminary coat of primer will fill crevices in wood grain, cover inconsistencies in unfinished materials and give the paint a more uniform area to stick to. Most primers are oil-based, which allows them to form a better seal against the wood and helps paint hold better once the primer is dry. It is recommended that you use a coat of primer before applying enamel paint, especially on indoor surfaces, furniture, cabinets and trim.^[4]
   
   • Look for primers that are approved for use on the type of surface you're painting. Some brands of enamel paint are even formulated with built-in primers which improve the adhesion of the paint.
   • Always use a primer when painting wood and other uneven natural materials, walls, cabinets, trim and any surface with variations in dimension and texture.
2. Utilize the proper brushstroke. Because of its smooth, glossy consistency, enamel paints tend to make painting imperfections more visible. For this reason, it’s advisable to use a second “tip off” stroke after brushing on the top layer of paint. To do this, make sure the brush’s bristles are wet with paint (but not oversaturated) and angle the brush as you make the second pass so that only the tips run along the area that you just painted.^[5][6]
   
   • When using the tip off technique, make sure that you drag the brush along the entire length of the painting surface (with the natural grain if you’re painting wood) to keep the thickness and orientation of each stroke uniform.
   • Take care to make your brush strokes as fluid and even as you can. Some surfaces, such as furniture and handmade crafts, will be harder to paint than others due to their many irregular contours.
3. Use a sprayer. Enamel paints can also be applied via sprayer, a handheld device that propels paint through tiny holes at the end of a nozzle. A sprayer will ensure that the paint goes on in even coats. Using a sprayer can save you time on jobs where there’s a lot of area to cover, such as refinishing outdoor furniture and appliances.^[7]
   
   • A sprayer will help you quickly take care of rugged painting projects such as coating a patio deck or touching up mechanical equipment.
   • Thicker types of enamel paint might need to be thinned before they can be used in a sprayer. ^[8]
4. Apply two coats. Most home improvement experts recommend applying a second coat on projects for which enamel paints are used because of the need for protective coverage. Allow paint to dry between coats, and tip off the top coat for an even finish. Two coats of paint will be superior to a single coat for seamlessness, durability and color integrity.
   
   • Use two coats of paint on stairs, outdoor work spaces and any surface that receives regular exposure to the elements.
   • While you should apply the first coat as smoothly as possible, it’s not necessary to tip it off; this process will be reserved for the outermost coat.

EditDrying, Cleaning and Stripping

1. Account for drying time. Under normal conditions, oil-based enamel paints will require between 8-24 hours to dry completely due to their thickness. Water-based paint can dry to the touch in 1-2 hours or less. Temperature and humidity have an effect on drying time, so outdoor projects can be expected to take longer to dry. Freshly painted surfaces should be left alone while drying to prevent smudging and other contact imperfections.^[9]
   
   • Whenever possible, time outdoor painting projects to coincide with warm, dry weather to prevent excessive humidity, temperature spikes or precipitation from potentially sabotaging the drying process.
   • Some paint companies have special quick-drying enamel paint formulas that dry in as little as 15-20 minutes.^[10]
2. Touch up worn paint carefully. When reapplying enamel paint to worn and discolored areas, use a single thin coat at a time. Brush the fresh coat on carefully to make sure that the surface remains uniform. Primer shouldn’t be needed for touch ups unless you plan on completely stripping the paint from an area first.^[11]
   
   • It’s generally a good idea to apply a fresh coat over the entire area being painted, provided that it’s not too large. This way you can avoid variations in thickness or a mismatch “seam” where the new coat has been brushed on.
3. Clean enamel paint when needed. Another benefit of the smooth finishes created by enamel paints is that they lend themselves to hassle-free cleaning. Should a painted surface become dirty, simply wet a towel with a mixture of warm water and a mild liquid detergent and wipe away whatever debris is clinging to the paint’s exterior. Oil-based enamel paints can be more difficult to clean and may require the use of mineral spirits or diluted acetone.^[12]
   
   • Mineral spirits is a mild solvent used to thin and strip paints. It can be brushed on or applied with a damp towel. Because of its solvent properties, mineral spirits are highly effective at removing dust and grime from dried enamel paint.^[13]
4. Remove paint using chemical paint strippers. If you need to take off a coating of paint, you will most likely need a powerful paint stripper. Chemical strippers come in a variety of forms and are one of the only methods strong enough for removing the thick, hardened paint. Apply the paint stripper in heavy globs rather than even coats and allow time for the solvent to take effect. After the chemical stripper has set to work dissolving the enamel paint, remove any remaining paint by going over the area with a medium-grit sandpaper.^[14]
   
   • Chemical paint strippers tend to highly caustic, and some types may emit toxic fumes. Caution should be taken when using chemical strippers to remove enamel paint yourself.
   • If possible, acquire the services of professional paint specialists to strip surfaces finished with enamel paints.

EditTips

• Always use a primer whenever possible before working with enamel paint. Paint that is applied without a primer base is more susceptible to running, cracking and flaking.
• Some enamel paints have lacquer components blended in, upping the luster and waterproofing of the glossy finish.
• Be sure to mask the work area with painter's tape before painting precise lines and corners.

EditWarnings

• Chemical paint strippers are highly caustic and put off noxious fumes. Wear a mask and gloves, and work in a well-ventilated area if at all possible when dealing with chemical strippers. Avoid contact with the skin. Seek immediate medical attention if paint or chemical paint strippers get into the eyes or mouth.

EditThings You'll Need

• Oil- or water-based enamel paint
• High-quality brush
• Paint primer
• Paint sprayer (optional)
• Painter's tape (optional)

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How to Make an Authorization Letter

An authorization letter gives a third party permission to act on your behalf, especially in instances when you may be unavailable or unable to act for yourself. You may need someone to assist you, for example, with your financial matters, legal issues, or health directives. A properly written authorization letter will accomplish this.

EditSteps

EditSample Authorization Letters

Sample Financial Authorization Letter

Sample Health Authorization Letter

Sample Legal Authorization Letter

EditPreparing to Write an Authorization Letter

1. Understand what an authorization letter does. An authorization letter gives another person the right to act on your behalf in specific matters. They are primarily used in circumstances in which the letter writer is not able to represent themselves. A few examples of situations that may require an authorization letter include:
   
   • A parent or guardian may grant child care workers authorization to make basic emergency medical decisions regarding the children in their care.^[1]
   • It is advisable to give an authorization letter for minors traveling with adults who are not their parents or guardians. This will protect the minor from child trafficking and child custody issues.^[2]
   • If you have money held in a regional bank that you can no longer easily access, you may need to write a letter of authorization to allow someone else to handle issues that arise with the account or financial institution.
   • An authorization letter can allow release of personal information, such as medical records.^[3]
   • You may also need to authorize another party to act on your behalf to handle especially fast-moving financial transactions. Not every business deal can wait for you; if you are temporarily indisposed, you can write a letter of authorization and temporarily grant decision-making powers to a trusted colleague.
2. Identify the different parties involved in an authorization letter. There are three parties involved in an authorization letter. The first party is the original rights holder, such as the parent of a child or the owner of a bank account. The second party is the group or individual with whom the first party is conducting a transaction, such as a financial institution or hospital. The third party is the person selected to act as a proxy in the first party’s absence. The letter should be addressed to the second party.
   
   • The letter will explain the rights granted to the proxy who will be acting in your place.^[4]
   • If the second party is not known (especially in cases where authority was granted for potential emergency situations), you will have to address the letter simply "To whom it may concern."
3. Type your authorization letter rather than writing it by hand. A handwritten letter may be difficult to read and isn't as professional in appearance as a typed letter. The authorization letter is an important document authorizing someone to hold your legal or financial powers for you. It must be prepared to meet scrutiny. If someone else close to you wants to dispute the authority of the letter holder, the document may be used as evidence in a court of law.
   

EditWriting the Letter’s Heading

1. Place your name and address on the top left side of the page. Follow the standard format of a business letter. Your name should be on the first line, your street information on the second line, and your city, state and zip code on the third line. All lines (including those that follow) should be single spaced.^[5]
   
2. Include the date. After your name and address, skip one line and place the current date on the next line. Write out the full date (such as February 2, 2015, for example). Do not abbreviate the date.
   
3. Write the recipient's name and address next. Leave one blank line between the date and first part of the recipient's name and address. The receiver's information should be in the same format as your information.
   
   • Keep in mind that the recipient is not the same as the one authorized to make decisions for you. You are granting authority to a third party (a proxy) to act on your behalf, but the letter should be addressed to second party (the one with whom you and your proxy are dealing).^[6]
   • You may have to leave this portion blank if you do not know the party with which you will be dealing. For example, if you have granted emergency medical powers over your child to a child care worker in case you cannot be reached, you may not know which hospital your proxy will have to deal with.

EditWriting the Body of the Letter

1. Write the salutation. Use the appropriate titles, such as "Dr.," "Ms.," "Mrs.," or "Mr.," rather than using first names. The salutation may open with "Dear," or more formally just the word "To."
   
   • Use the full name and title of the person to whom the letter is addressed.
   • If you do not know the specific name of the party with whom your proxy will be dealing, write "To whom it may concern."
2. Keep the authorization letter short and precise. Longer letters will include more information that can be interpreted in different ways. Brief letters that specifically address the matter with as little extra verbiage as possible are less likely to lead to conflicting interpretations.
   
3. Specify the duties that your representative is authorized to do on your behalf. Make sure your authorization letter is concise and precise. You need to give specific details about the authorization you are granting. For example, your representative can authorize a medical procedure, sign legal documents in your absence, or withdraw funds from your bank. For example, start out the authorization letter with:
   
   • I, (insert your full name), hereby authorize (insert proxy’s full name) to release to (insert the organization that will receive your medical records), the following medical information from my personal medical records: (list the medical information here).^[7]
   • Give very specific details for this authorization. If the letter is regarding your medical information, include your medical insurance number and claim information. If you need assistance regarding a legal matter, include the case number. For financial matters, include the applicable account information.
4. Give the dates for the authorization. Specify when this authorization is in effect. Give the beginning and ending dates. For example, you might write, “The proxy has authorization to make medical decisions for my child while staying at (address) from September 1, 2015 to September 15, 2015.”
   
   • In some cases, you may be unsure of the dates, such as if you are authorizing in case of an emergency. For this type of authorization, specify a length of time. For example, you might write, “In the event of an emergency, the proxy has authorization to act on my behalf for 30 days.”
5. Give the reason for the authorization. Explain why you need a representative to act on your behalf. The explanation might indicate that you are ill, out of town, or may not be able to be reached for certain periods of time.
   
6. Explain any restrictions on the authorization. You may also want to identify the areas that you are not authorizing. For example, you might say that the proxy is not allowed to use your medical information for any other purpose than specified in the letter. Or, you might say that the proxy is not allowed to make certain financial decisions on your behalf without prior written consent.^[8]
   
7. Conclude the letter. Finish up the letter with a closing word such as “Sincerely.” Leave four blank lines, which is where you’ll put your handwritten signature, and then type your full name.
   

EditFinalizing the Letter

1. Format the letter properly. A letter of authorization is a business letter and should be formal in tone and format. Standard business letters use a block format. The body should be single-spaced, and there should be no indentation of the paragraphs. Instead a blank line between the salutation and the first paragraph as well as between paragraphs.^[9]
   
2. Find a witness or notary public. A witness is someone who will observe you signing the authorization letter. This ensures that you are not signing the letter under duress, and that you are in fact the person giving the authorization. In some instances, it is a good idea to have your letter notarized by a notary public.^[10] This person is someone authorized by your state to attest to legal documents.
   
   • This person should not be anyone named in the letter.
3. Sign the letter. Print out the letter and sign it with blue or black ink. You may choose to include a date line next to your signature. If so, write the date that you sign the document.
   
   • Have your witness sign and date the letter as well, or ask the notary public to notarize the letter.
4. Give the original letter to the proxy. In most cases, the proxy will retain the letter so that he or she has proper documentation of authority granted. The proxy may need to present the letter to immigration officials, for example, if he is traveling internationally with your child.
   
5. Keep a copy of the letter. Make sure to retain a copy of the letter for your records. You may need to produce it if any questions arise regarding the authorization you’ve given to your proxy.
   

EditTips

• If you need to make any changes (additions or deletions) to the letter of authorization, it is recommended that you write a new letter of authorization and get it notarized or witnessed.^[11]

EditRelated wikiHows

• Write a Bank Authorization Letter
• Write a Letter of Permission
• Write a Guarantor Letter
• Write a Medical Release Letter
• Get Power of Attorney

EditSources and Citations

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source How to of the Day http://ift.tt/17SpF5E